【呂艾肯-警察特考英文】

【警大考試】103年警大碩士班研究所

入學英文試題解析

高見補習班/徐偉圓夢諮詢中心                                     呂艾肯、吳泰良老師 103/04/21 編譯
所  別：各所   科  目：英文

一、 Vocabulary and Phrases into English or Chinese：(20分)

1、公部門   pulic sector

2、犯罪俚語  Criminal slang

 "Grass" is a criminal slang for "informer".    grass 是罪犯用的俚語，意思是“告密的人”。

   Most scholars track the word "tip" back to the early 1600s, where it originated as criminal slang. It referred to inside information.

   多數學者把"tip"一詞的起源追溯到17世紀早期，源于當時罪犯常說的俚語，意思是內部消息。

相關連結: 讓你在監獄裡聽起來像大哥大大的50個字!!

3、線民   informant

4、引渡    extradite

5、鄰裡守望相助計畫   Neighborhood WatchProgram

6、a motor bike  摩托車

7、acute stress disorder  急性壓力疾患

  某些個體在經歷過不尋常的恐懼經驗或事件後生還，但因身心受到創傷後，所產生心理症狀的嚴重度高於適應障礙（Adjustment disorder），但未達到創傷後壓力疾患（Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD）的標準時，稱此心理病理的反應為急性壓力障礙（Acute stress disorder）。

8、cloned cars   盜牌車

   A clone car is a stolen car that has been provided with a duplicate license plate and identity number of a genuine car.  盜牌車是贓車盜用複製合法掛牌車的車牌和辨識碼。

9、electronic monitoring  電子監控

    Electronic tagging電子腳鐐: 在監禁釋放前的司法判刑，此類監控有不同名稱，北美稱為”electronic monitoring”電子監控而紐西蘭則叫”home detetion”居家監禁

l  美國50個州都有對假釋、緩刑、出獄的性犯罪犯人施用電子腳鐐或其他形式電子監控的規定。2003年初，全美國約有100,000名犯人接受電子監控。而中華民國司法系統規定僅有部分強暴犯在假釋期間，需要在夜間使用電子腳鐐監控。

l  美國聯邦法務部資助的一份為時6年的實證研究，於2010年完成，以美國佛羅里達州的電子腳鐐實務為客   體，訪談與追蹤超過5000位處於緩刑、假釋、社區處遇中，或出獄後被列為中度或高度再犯危險，因此被安置電子腳鐐的犯人，以及超過266,000位未被安置電子腳鐐的犯人，其結論是：

1. 與未佩戴電子腳鐐的犯人相比，配戴電子腳鐐能減少所有犯罪類型的再犯，達統計上顯著差異。
2. 對暴力犯罪的再犯預防效果較差，但仍達統計顯著。
3. GPS定位的電子腳鐐效果優於無線電定位
4. 但該報告也提醒：電子腳鐐目前的佩戴方式太過醒目，可能會阻礙犯人重新找工作，也會讓他在社交上和在親友間產生不良的烙印效應(stigmatizing effect)。

10、intelligence apparatuses  情報機關/    情報裝備

   Two key senators want to know if the leader of the vast U.S. intelligence apparatus believes it’s legal for spooks to track where you go through your iPhone.

 兩位關鍵性參議員想要了解，掌管著美國龐大情報機關的情報主管是否覺得，讓手下密探透過iPhone追蹤我們的位置是合法的。

   Even after the flood of information about surveillance operations made public by Edward J. Snowden, the    former N.S.A. contractor, American officials are still loath to speak in detail about eavesdropping on friendly governments. But former officials with knowledge of the system described an intelligence apparatus with both a voracious appetite and a growing ability to warehouse huge amounts of data.

   即便是在NSA前承包商雇員愛德華·J·斯諾登(Edward J. Snowden)公開了大量資訊之後，美國官員依然厭拒細談對友邦政府的監聽。但瞭解該體系的一些前任官員表示，NSA是一個胃口貪婪且收集海量資料的能力日漸增強的情報機構(intelligence  apparatus)。

二、Translation：(30分)

1、We have investigated the alarm and there is a small fire on the fourth floor. The fire department has arrived and the fire has been contained. We are asking everyone to leave the building in an orderly fashion. Exit through stairwell B on the south side of the building.

   我們已調查該警報並且四樓有小型火災發生。消防部門已抵達現場，火勢受到控制。我們要求每個人都井然有序地離開該棟建築物。從建築物南側的B號逃生門離開。

    * contain: 包含容納; 抑制遏止    fasion: 流行時尚; 類別方式

2、As people start using their smart phones to tap into computer networks, the damage caused by malware could grow more severe. If smart phones serve as payment devices, malware that nabs your identity and taps directly into your credit line could follow.

 隨著/由於人們開始利用智慧型手機上網，惡意軟體引起的損害變得更加惡化。如果智慧型手機用來當成款項支付的設備，盜取用戶身分以及直接偷渡進其信用額度的惡意軟體將會尾隨在後。

  * tap into 利用聯結           nab 捉住, 搶奪   credit line 信用額度

3、In an unprecedented effort to save the species, South Africa has bought new ships equipped with top-of-the-line military night-vision equipment. They've also begun testing seized boats for DNA to prove they were used in abalone harvesting.

文章出處: http://goo.gl/fon8hE 

   在一場前所未見的拯救鮑魚物種的行動中，南非買下配有最頂級軍用夜視裝備的新船。這些設備也開始測試查獲漁船DNA，以證明設備在鮑魚盛產期中確實被使用。

三、Reading Comprehension：(20分)

    Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time elapses, however, the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensory storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimuli that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory.

    大多數人能記得住一組電話號碼長達三十秒之久。然而，當這樣短暫的時間流逝時，這組號碼將從記憶中被抹去。資訊一開始是如何進入到記憶那裡呢？進到短期記憶（STM）的資訊，其實是透過感官存儲區域。人腦中有個僅允許當下關注資訊這類刺激因素的過濾器，將之傳遞到也被稱為運作記憶的短期記憶（STM）中。
    There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of the short term memory by chunking, or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage.

    對於短期記憶的容量和持續時間仍有許多爭論。最被廣為接受的理論是來自喬治·米勒(George A. Miller)，這位認知心理學家，他認為人能記得大約是”神秘的7加減2”的信息意元(chunk)。一個意元被定義為有意義的資訊群組，例如一個單字或名稱，而不是僅僅一個字母或數字。現代理論家則認為，人們可以藉由將類似資訊意元集組(chunking)或分類化，相互增加短期記憶的容量。組織過的資訊，人們能將短期記憶功能充分利用，並改善被傳遞到長期存儲的記憶的機率。

    When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in "rote rehearsal". By repeating something over and over again, one is able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear. When a pen and paper are not handy, people often attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before a person has the opportunity to make a phone call, he will likely forget the number instantly. Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice "elaborate rehearsal". This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing long term memories.

    當有意識地進行某些事物的記憶時，如準備考試的資訊，很多人採用的是“死記硬背”。藉由不斷再次的重複，人們能夠保持此記憶的存在。但不幸的是，這種類型記憶的維持要沒有中斷才能成功。一旦停止資訊的複誦，它就容易消失。當筆和紙不在手邊時，人們往往試著大聲複誦來記住電話號碼。但在有機會打電話前，若有門鈴響起或狗吠情況出現的話，他很可能會立刻忘記了電話號碼。因此，死記硬背不是將資訊從短期記憶傳遞至長期記憶的有效方式。一種更好的方式就是練習“複雜詳盡的演練”。它涉及到將語義含意分配到資訊的某片段，以便能隨著先存的長期記憶一起歸檔。
    Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can easily recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often; however, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.

    以語義性地來編碼的資訊也更具檢索性。透過再識或回想可以找到檢索的資訊。人類可以輕鬆地記起，存儲在長期記憶和經常使用的記憶;然而，若某個記憶似乎被忘了，最終還是能透過提示來檢索出。提供越多線索（例如圖片），該記憶就越有可能被檢索出。這就是為何選擇題常被那些需要大量記憶的科目拿來使用。

文章出處: https://goo.gl/akheJu 

1、According to the passage, how do memories get transferred to the STM？

   根據這篇文章，記憶是如何轉移到短暫記憶區？
(A) They revert from the long term memory.
(B) They enter via the nervous system.
(C) They get chunked when they enter the brain.
(D) They are filtered from the sensory storage area.

   短暫記憶區的記憶是由感官存儲區域過濾而來。

2、The word elapses in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to：

   第1段中”elapses(消逝)”此字意思最接近?
(A) continues 
(B) adds up 
(C) appears 
(D) passes 通過; 時間流逝

3、All of the following are mentioned as places in which memories are stored EXCEPT the：

   以下所有提到記憶儲存的地方外，除了哪個沒有?
(A) STM
(B) long term memory
(C) sensory storage area
(D) maintenance area    維持區域

4、Why does the author mention a dog's bark？

   為何作者提到狗吠聲？
(A) To provide a type of interruption       提供打斷記憶的一個例子
(B) To give an example of a type of memory
(C) To prove that dogs have better memories than humans
(D) To compare another sound that is loud like a doorbell

5、How do theorists believe a person can remember more information in a short time？

   理論學家相信人們要如何在短時間內記住更多的資訊？
(A) By organizing it  透過組織化資訊
(B) By repeating it
(C) By giving it a name
(D) By drawing it

6、The author believes that rote rehearsal is：

   作者認為，死記硬背是?
(A) the best way to remember something
(B) ineffective in the long run   最終是無效果的
(C) more efficient than chunking
(D) an unnecessary interruption

7、The word it in the last paragraph refers to：

   在最後一段的”it它”是指
(A) encoding
(B) information   資訊
(C) semantics
(D) STM

8、The word “elaborate” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to：

   第3段的”elaborate (精心複雜) ”此字意思最接近選項?
(A) pretty
(B) efficient
(C) complex   複雜的complicated
(D) regular

9、Which of the following is NOT supported by the passage？

   下列何項並非文章支持的論點？
(A) The working memory is the same as the short term memory.
(B) A memory is kept alive through constant repetition.
(C) Multiple choice exams are the most difficult.

      選擇題考試是最困難的
(D) Cues help people to recognize information.

10、The word cues in the passage is closest in meaning to

    文中”cues(暗/提示)”此字意思最接近的選項是?
(A) clues   線索
(B) questions
(C) images
(D) tests